The Influence of De-icing Salt on the Remobilization of Heavy Metals in an Artificial Wetland
نویسنده
چکیده
................................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Structure ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Current state ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Heavy metals ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.4 Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons ................................................................................................ 12 2.5 Environmental quality standards .......................................................................................... 12 3 Artificial wetland .......................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Lay-out.................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Pollution removal performances of artificial wetlands ......................................................... 15 3.3 Processes in the soil.............................................................................................................. 18 3.4 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.5 Important additional factors ................................................................................................ 22 3.5.1 Lava .............................................................................................................................. 22 3.5.2 De-icing salt .................................................................................................................. 22 3.5.3 Asphalt .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.5.4 Speciation ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.6 Accelerating and inhibiting factors ....................................................................................... 24 3.6.1 pH ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.6.2 Redox ............................................................................................................................ 25 4 Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Throughflow check artificial wetland ................................................................................... 26 4.2 Water and soil samples ........................................................................................................ 27 4.2.1 Water samples .............................................................................................................. 27 4.2.2 Soil samples .................................................................................................................. 29 4.3 Conductivity measurements ................................................................................................. 30 4.4 Column test .......................................................................................................................... 31 4.4.1 Determination of retention time .................................................................................. 31 4.4.2 Determination of the desired eluate ............................................................................ 31 4.4.3 Determination of the de-icing salt concentrations in influent ...................................... 32 4.4.4 Preparation of the column ............................................................................................ 32 4.4.5 Running column test and prepare samples for analysis in the laboratory .................... 33 5 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Through flow check artificial wetland ................................................................................... 34 THE INFLUENCE OF DE-ICING SALT ON THE REMOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS IN AN ARTIFICIAL WETLAND 5 5.1.1 Water balance .............................................................................................................. 35 5.2 Artificial wetland water samples .......................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Heavy metals ................................................................................................................ 37 5.2.2 Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons ........................................................................................ 39 5.2.3 Ions related to de-icing salt .......................................................................................... 41 5.2.4 Other elements ............................................................................................................. 41 5.3 Artificial wetland soil samples .............................................................................................. 43 5.4 Artificial wetland Conductivity ............................................................................................. 45 5.5 Column test .......................................................................................................................... 47 5.5.1 Results .......................................................................................................................... 47 6 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 53 6.1 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................ 53 6.2 Through flow check artificial wetland ................................................................................... 53 6.3 Artificial wetland water samples .......................................................................................... 54 6.4 Artificial wetland soil samples .............................................................................................. 55 6.5 Artificial wetland Conductivity ............................................................................................. 55 6.6 Column test .......................................................................................................................... 56 7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 57 7.1 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................ 57 7.2 Through flow check artificial wetland ................................................................................... 57 7.3 Artificial wetland water samples .......................................................................................... 57 7.4 Artificial wetland soil samples .............................................................................................. 58 7.5 Artificial wetland Conductivity ............................................................................................. 58 7.6 Column test .......................................................................................................................... 60 7.7 Final conclusion and recommendation ................................................................................. 60 8 References .................................................................................................................................... 62 9 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 65 Appendix 1 – Review on maintenance ................................................................................................. 66 Appendix 2 – Construction documents Dura Vermeer ......................................................................... 67 Appendix 3 – De-icing salt composition Rijkwaterstaat........................................................................ 68 Appendix 4 – Parameters and conservation methods .......................................................................... 69 Appendix 5 – Water balance ................................................................................................................ 70 Appendix 6 – Unprocessed measurement results ................................................................................ 71 Appendix 7 – Column test plan of approach ........................................................................................ 72 Appendix 8 – Pump calibration ............................................................................................................ 73 Appendix 9 – Tap water quality ............................................................................................................ 74 Appendix 10 – Mass Balance column test ............................................................................................ 75 THE INFLUENCE OF DE-ICING SALT ON THE REMOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS IN AN ARTIFICIAL WETLAND
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